Schematic representation of the integrated assessment of ES. The supply of ES is determined by three main components:

  1. biotic factors;
  2. abiotic factors and
  3. human activities.

Ecosystems result from the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. The managers shape the ecosystem to maximise the supply of some ES (i.e. maximised ES) which benefit some stakeholders (i.e. transformers and consumers) and which, in turn, impact the supply of other ES (i.e. impacted ES) and other stakeholders (i.e. impacted users). The integrated assessment should consider the different ES and stakeholders to balance the collective and individual interests. Adapted from Maebe et al. (2018).

 
  Part of: Maebe L, Claessens H, DufrĂȘne M (2019) The critical role of abiotic factors and human activities in the supply of ecosystem services in the ES matrix. One Ecosystem 4: e34769. https://doi.org/10.3897/oneeco.4.e34769