"ES category";"ES (Wal-ES)";"ES code";"ES (CICES-BE)";Indicator;References;"Uneven-aged broadleaved forests";"Pure even-aged spruce plantations" Production;"Wood production";Wood;"Plant fibres and materials";"Volume of mobilizable wood";"Alderweireld et al. 2015, Rondeux and Thill 1989, Thill et al. 1988, Weissen et al. 1991";"Less yield and volume due to slow growth";"More yield but the volume produced is not stable over time (clear cutting)" Regulation;"Global climate regulation by sequestration of greenhouse gases";Carbon;"Global climate regulation by reduction of greenhouse gas concentrations";"Amount of carbon sequestered in forest vegetation (BOC) and soils (SOC)";"Alderweireld et al. 2015, Broadmeadow and Matthews 2003, Hargreaves et al. 2003, Jandl 2007, Laitat et al. 2004, Latte et al. 2013, Lettens et al. 2008, Lindsay 2010, Minkkinen et al. 2008, Schulp et al. 2008, Stevens and van Wesemael 2008, Vesterdal et al. 2013, Wiesmeier et al. 2013";"BOC: less volume but larger wood density, larger volume of the tree (above- and below-ground) and more understory vegetation";"BOC: more yield but lower wood density, lower volume of tree (above- and below-ground) and almost no understory vegetation" "SOC: higher due to leaf decomposition and increasing carbon stocks on wet and peat soils";"SOC: lower despite a biomass accumulation in the first stages but clear cutting and soil drainage induces high mineralization" "Flood protection";Flood;"Natural flood protection & sediment regulation";"Capacity of soil infiltration and evapotranspiration of vegetation";"Armbruster et al. 2004, Aussenac 1968, Aussenac and Boulangeat 1980, Carnol et al. 2014, Hein 2011, Nisbet and Thomas 2008, Nisbet et al. 2011, Piégay et al. 2003, Rotherham 2015, Wastiaux 2008";"Lower tree evapotranspiration and interception of rainwater (deciduous trees) but continuous presence of vegetation cover and deep rooting allowing better infiltration. No drainage and even slowdown effect of water flows in alluvial zones thanks to vegetation";"Higher tree evapotranspiration and interception of rainwater but clear cutting and the absence of understory vegetation have a negative impact. Existing huge drainage networks on wet and peat soils highly intensify floods" "Erosion protection";Erosion;"Buffering and attenuation of mass flows + Protection against water and wind erosion";"Soil and sediment retention capacity";"Armbruster et al. 2004, Augusto et al. 2000, Aussenac 1968, Bansept and Fiquepron 2014, Carnol et al. 2014, Fontecilla Lechuga 2012, Gillijns et al. 2005, Grosclaude 1999, Marty and Bertrand 2011, Nisbet et al. 2011";"High erosion protection in all ecological contexts thanks to deep rooting allowing better infiltration and the presence of a permanent vegetation cover especially on alluvial soils where the understory vegetation captures sediments";"Low erosion protection on all sensitive soils: steep slopes (clear cutting), wet and peat soils (drainage networks) and alluvial soils (absence of understory vegetation)" "Water purification and oxygenation";Water;"Water purification and oxygenation";"Denitrification and phosphorus retention capacity";"Armbruster et al. 2004, Augusto et al. 2000, Aussenac and Boulangeat 1980, Bansept and Fiquepron 2014, Broadmeadow and Nisbet 2004, Fiquepron et al. 2012, Fontecilla Lechuga 2012, Gagkas et al. 2006, Hegg et al. 2006, Hein 2011, Joosten and Clarke 2002, Lavabre and Andreassian 2000, Marty and Bertrand 2011, Nisbet and Thomas 2008, Nisbet et al. 2011, Nisbet et al. 1995, Nys 1981, Piégay et al. 2003, Reddy 1976, Rothe et al. 2002";"Vegetation filters pollutants with lower effects on podzolic soils where nutrients leaching is high";"Spruce plantations increase soil acidification and have a higher N deposition. The mineralisation of the litter induced by the clear cutting is a very high source of pollutants for surface water especially, in the presence of drains or slopes" Cultural;"Natural areas for outdoor recreation";Recreation;"Landscape for outdoor recreation";"Forest landscape attractivity";"Bodson 2005, Church et al. 2014, Colson 2009, Standaert and De Claevel 2011, Willis et al. 2003";"Broadleaved forests are very much more preferred to spruce plantations for their naturality, complex structure, tree diversity, lighting, colours in autumn welcoming etc., as well as the presence of surface water (in Wallonia)";"Spruce plantations are in general less popular, particularly in the presence of clear cutting and signs of intensive exploitation (e.g. ruts) (in Wallonia)"