Glossary of ecosystem services mapping and assessment terminology

Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services (MAES) is a key EU initiative to synthesise vital environmental information and facilitate balanced policy decisions. As MAES integrates across many scienti ﬁ c and policy domains, the development of a common language and shared concepts is essential. Here we present a comprehensive MAES Glossary that was compiled in the ESMERALDA project; it is based on the integration of several previous glossaries and a wide-ranging consultation process. While there are several ecosystem services glossaries available from EU supported work such as Oppla, OpenNESS and ecosystem services related handbooks, the new material presented here focuses on mapping and assessment of ecosystem services and therefore more directly supports the MAES process.


Introduction
Mapping and the assessment of ecosystems and their services (MAES) are core to the EU Biodiversity (BD) Strategy 2020. Specifically, Action 5 of the Strategy's Target 2 sets the requirement for an EU-wide knowledge base developed by Member States designed to facilitate balanced policy decisions that take into consideration indirect or non-monetary benefits from Nature that are often overshadowed by economic analysis. MAES outcomes are also intended to provide primary data for EU Biodiversity policy: for developing Europe's green infrastructure; to identify areas for ecosystem restoration; and to provide a baseline against which the goal of 'no net loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services' can be evaluated.
In response to these requirements, the EU Horizon 2020 funded project ESMERALDA (Enhancing ecosystem services mapping for policy and decision-making, www.esmeraldaproject.eu) developed a glossary of terms related to mapping and assessing ecosystem services (ES). This Glossary aimed to collect all terms that are relevant for MAES implementation and related applications at local, regional, national and continental scales. The definitions provided for each term both guide appropriate usage and help to avoid misunderstandings in the complex field of mapping and assessment ecosystem services (see Potschin et al. 2016a for wider discussion).

Development of the Glossary
At an early stage in the ESMERALDA Project which ran between February 2015 -July 2018, a preliminary draft Glossary with 225 working definitions was circulated to the consortium members. These definitions were mainly based on an existing Glossary produced by the OpenNESS project (http://www.openness-project.eu), which listed over 200 ecosystem service related terms and their definitions. While this was extremely helpful because it was available at the beginning of the ESMERALDA project, these terms needed to be tested in relation to the specific focus of ESMERALDA, namely working towards the MAES initiative (Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services). The consultation on terms and their usage in ESMERALDA was open until the end of the third year of the project and the outcome of this consortium-internal consultation is now presented here as the 'ESMERALDA Glossary' (Potschin et al. 2016b).

The consultation process
The draft ESMERALDA Glossary (Version 1) was open for on-line consultation and testing for three years. The following changes were made for the final version that is presented here: • Through the consultation, seven existing working defintions have been changed and adopted for ESMERALDA as part of the working process ( The 'European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity Glossary' for ecosystem condition (Czúcz and Condé 2017) contains harmonised definitions for 60 MAES terms with a special focus on terms related to ecosystem condition. A total of 24 of its terms/definitions have already been added to this Glossary through the 5 MAES report and 11 further terms were added directly.
As a result of the consultation, the Glossary now contains 301 terms. It should be noted, however, that the terms included do not only reflect ES literature but also the particular subjects that were focused on in ESMERALDA. However, there are no clear boundaries.
The original list was constructed through a dialogue in the consortium.
For more details on the process and selection of terms, see Potschin-Young et al. (2018).

Structure of the Glossary
The entries in the Glossary are arranged in a tabular format so that users can see the background to the terms covered. The columns are as follows: • 'Term': The 301 final terms. If there is a commonly used abbreviation of the term, this has been added into this column as well. • 'Definition': which reflects the agreed definition for the ESMERALDA consortium. If a further term from the Glossary is used in the definition column, the term is written in quotation marks. For example: Natural asses -A component of 'Natural capital' th th • 'Source': that is from where we took the definition. It should be noted that this does not mean the origin, i.e. where it was first used or suggested. • 'Comment': here we make reference to the ESMERALDA products (e.g. deliverables) where more information and discussion on the specific term can be found.

Conclusions
This 'ESMERALDA Glossary' with 301 terms and definitions, as well as references and comments, is the most current and comprehensive Glossary for ecosystem service related terms that is available. Furthermore and as a general experience, it can be said that producing a Glossary with working definitions early in the project was valuable because the consultation process within the consortium proved essential to obtain the 'engagement and approval' of partners.
In preparing this Glossary, we do not suggest that all the terms were originally developed by the ecosystem services researcher and practitioners community, but that they are often used in ES literature and most likely within the ESMERALDA and similar topic related projects. Although some terms may have been used by other people in other disciplines, the main concern has been not to trace their origins but to identify their relevance and applicability for ecosystem assessments. The purpose of the exercise was not to reinvent anything, but through review and refinement, to provide a set of working definitions for the consortium and ultimately for the implementation of MAES/Action 5 in EU member states and other related initiatives and projects.
The ESMERALDA Glossary can be found in the Suppl. material 1.
thorough proofreading and advice on the Glossary and both reviewers (Joachim Maes, Joint Research Centre and Stoyan Nedkov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences) for improving the quality of the manuscript.

Funding program
The ESMERALDA Project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 642007. The preliminary work within the OpenNESS project received funding from the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No. 308428 (The OpenNESS project; Operationalisation of natural capital and ecosystem services: from concepts to real-world applications).