Reproductive or growth units and rhizoid cells of charophytes. (A) fully developed star-shaped bulbil of Nitellopsis obtusa, scale 1 mm. (B) Cell at the beginning of bulbil development, scale 200 µm. (C) rhizoidal bulbil with associated microorganisms of Chara aspera, scale 2 mm. (D) growth unit of Chara filiformis (stem cell), scale 500 µm. (E) characteristic S-shaped division plane of rhizoid cells (*) of Chara vulgaris with additional cells for secondary rhizoids (arrows), scale 1 mm. (F) rhizoid cell of Chara braunii S276, stained with DAPI, scale 200 µm. (G) rhizoid tip of C. braunii S276, stained with DAPI, 200 µm. (H) oospore of C. braunii S276, stained with PI, scale 200 µm (photographs: A. Holzhausen).